Know the signs: how to recognize and respond to heat-related illnesses
Your body is a natural regulator of heat. It responds to high temperatures by circulating blood and increasing the temperature of your skin. Excess heat is released through the skin by sweating. Sweating helps maintain a stable body temperature, but only if the humidity is low enough for evaporation and if the fluids and salts lost are adequately replaced.
When the body can no longer release heat effectively, it stores it, raising your core temperature and putting your health at risk.
As temperatures rise, so does stress on the body. Several factors can help reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses, including proper acclimation, adequate hydration, and good nutrition.
Heat Stress (Heat Cramps)
When your core body temperature rises even slightly above normal, you may experience heat stress. Symptoms can include muscle cramps, weakness, disorientation and general discomfort.
Signs of heat stress (heat cramps):
• Tiredness
• Irritability
• Inattention
• Painful, intermittent muscle spasms in the abdomen or other voluntary muscles
Heat cramps usually occur after heavy sweating and tend to develop late in the day after physical exertion.
First aid for heat stress:
• Move to a cool environment
• Drink fluids such as water or electrolyte drinks like Gatorade. Avoid alcohol, caffeine or carbonated beverages.
Heat Exhaustion
Heat exhaustion occurs when a person fails to replace fluids and salt lost through sweating. This condition can become serious if untreated.
Signs of heat exhaustion:
• Extreme weakness
• Fatigue
• Dizziness or giddiness
• Nausea
• Headache
First aid for heat exhaustion:
• Rest in a shaded or cool place
• Drink plenty of water or an electrolyte replacement like Gatorade
• Loosen clothing to help the body cool
• Apply cool, wet cloths to the body
Heat Stroke
Heat stroke is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Sweating may stop entirely, leaving the skin hot and dry. Body temperature can exceed 105F degrees.
Signs of heat stroke:
• Mental confusion
• Delirium
• Chills
• Dizziness
• Loss of consciousness
• Convulsions or coma
• Hot, dry skin that may appear red, mottled or bluish
First aid for heat stroke:
• Call 911 immediately
• Move the person to a cooler location
• Do not wait—brain damage or death can occur if not treated urgently
Final Reminder:
Understanding the stages and recognizing the symptoms early and responding quickly can save lives.
Cinda Seamon is the Community Risk Reduction & Outreach Program Coordinator for Hilton Head Island Fire Rescue.
